光学中的对立与统一：粒子说中的波动影子OPPOSITION AND UNITY IN OPTICS: TRACES OF WAVE THEORY WITHIN THE CORPUSCULAR VIEW
高原,李路曦
摘要(Abstract)：
“粒子说”是经典光学理论的一种早期观点,认为光由微小、不可分割的粒子组成,并以直线传播。牛顿是该理论的主要倡导者之一,他提出用光粒子的运动和相互作用解释诸如反射、折射等基本光学现象。本文探讨了粒子说对干涉、衍射、偏振等波动光学现象的解释,并揭示其中蕴含的波动思想。牛顿通过“适合”概念,从粒子运动的角度尝试解释干涉现象,而马吕斯和毕奥则进一步提出光粒子在力作用下的运动规律,从理论上统一了反射、干涉及偏振等光学现象,推动粒子说达到了新的高度。尽管粒子理论将光视为由微小粒子组成,但其在解释偏振和干涉现象时,已不自觉地融入了波动的周期性特征。这些早期研究不仅为波动理论的崛起奠定了坚实的实验和理论基础,还生动展现了科学理论发展的内在逻辑,即矛盾中的对立与统一。将这一科学史视角融入教学,不仅能够帮助学生深入理解科学发展的复杂性,还能有效培养批判性思维与创新能力,并激发对科学探索的浓厚兴趣。
关键词(KeyWords)： 波动光学;粒子说;干涉;衍射;偏振
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金（62205180）;; 山东大学本科教育教学研究项目一般项目
作者(Author): 高原,李路曦
DOI: 10.27024/j.wlygc.2025.08.09.01
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