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量子安全直接通信是以量子态为载体，直接安全传输信息的量子通信技术，由清华大学团队于2000年首次提出。量子通信泛指通过使用量子态完成信息传输的技术，按量子态传输的内容不同可分为三类：传输随机数的量子密钥分发、传输经典信息的量子安全直接通信、传输量子信息的量子隐形传态。经过20余年发展，量子安全直接通信逐步成熟并走向应用：建立了适配高损耗、高噪声及高安全要求场景的通信理论体系，完成了光纤与自由空间中的量子直接通信实验演示，建成城域、城际及组网三个量子安全直接通信里程碑系统，并在5G专网、银行等多种场景成功试用。量子安全直接通信具备多种用途：通过窃听感知而避免信息泄露，保障信息安全；通过监听感知定位暴露位置，为预防定点清除、保护指挥员人身安全提供技术支撑；还可通过感知侵入与篡改行为，为网络安全提供新型防护。目前，量子安全直接通信已被纳入中国、欧盟及美国的相关规划文件，正在快速发展。本文将简述量子直接通信的发展历史、基本原理、研究进展与未来展望。
Abstract：Quantum secure direct communication is a quantum communication technology that uses quantum states as carriers to transmit information securely and directly,first proposed by a team at Tsinghua University in 2000.Quantum communication broadly refers to information transfer processing tasks accomplished through the transmission of quantum states,which can be categorized into three types based on the content transmitted:quantum key distribution for transmitting random numbers,quantum secure direct communication for transmitting classical information, and quantum teleportation for transmitting quantum information.After more than two decades of development,quantum secure direct communication has matured and entered practical application:a theoretical framework tailored for scenarios with high loss,high noise,and stringent security requirements has been established;experimental demonstrations of quantum direct communication in optical fibers and free space havebeencompleted;three milestone systems for quantum secure direct communication at the metropolitan,intercity,and network levels have been built;and successful trials have been conducted in various scenarios such as 5 Gprivate networks and banking applications.Quantum secure direct communication offers multiple applications:it prevents information leakage by detecting eavesdropping,ensuring information security;identifies exposed locations by monitoring surveillance activities,providing technical support for preventing targeted eliminations and safeguarding commanders' personal safety;and detects intrusion and tampering behaviors,offering novel protection for cybersecurity.Currently,quantum direct communication has been incorporated into relevant planning documents in China,the European Union,and the United States,and is undergoing rapid development.This article briefly outlines the historical development,fundamental principles,research advancements,and future prospects of quantum direct communication.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.27024/j.wlygc.2026.06.03.is
中图分类号:O413;TN918
引用信息:
[1]张飞昊,龙桂鲁.量子安全直接通信[J].物理与工程,2026,46(05):22-28.DOI:10.27024/j.wlygc.2026.06.03.is.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金（编号：62471046）资助项目
2026-08-25
2026-08-25