学生理解高斯定理的困难、成因及应对策略DIFFICULTIES, UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND STRATEGIES OF UNDERSTANDING GAUSS'S LAW FOR STUDENTS
冯金明,马会芳,李甜甜
摘要(Abstract):
高斯定理是电磁学尤其是静电学的重要组成部分,由于其内容简洁却又隐含多个概念导致学生在学习高斯定理的过程中存在许多困难。在已有研究基础上,我们采用任务分析和样例问题解决的方法进行高斯定理的教学,并在课程结束后对学生进行概念测试和小组访谈。测试结果与选项分析表明,学生在理解库仑定律和叠加原理、高斯定理中物理量之间的关系、高斯面的本质和电场对称性判断四个方面存在困难。小组访谈分析表明,学生在高斯定理的应用中会忽视电场方向的可预测性以及场强的可计算性。对比匹兹堡大学的辅导课程,传统课堂中引入强指引性的教学方法并不能有效帮助学生建立物理概念的系统图式,甚至会使学生聚焦概念的局部要素,而学生对局部要素的泛化会产生迷思概念。我们认为模式上从传统课堂模式向合作学习模式的转变,方法上激发学生主动交互,评价上监控整个评价过程是提升教学效果、解决学生学习困境的根本应对策略。
关键词(KeyWords): 高斯定理;任务分析;样例问题解决;合作学习;过程性评价
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 冯金明,马会芳,李甜甜
参考文献(References):
- [1] SINGH C.Student understanding of symmetry and Gauss's law of electricity[J].American Journal of Physics,2006,74(10):923-936.
- [2] LI J,SINGH C.Investigating and improving introductory physics students' understanding of the electric field and superposition principle[J].European Journal of Physics,2017,38(5):55702.
- [3] LI J,SINGH C.Investigating and improving introductory physics students' understanding of symmetry and Gauss's law[J].European Journal of Physics,2017,39(1):15702.
- [4] LI J,SINGH C.Investigating and improving introductory physics students' understanding of electric flux[J].European Journal of Physics,2018,39(4):45711.
- [5] ISVAN Z,SINGH C.Improving student understanding of Coulomb's law and Gauss's law[J].AIP Conference Proceedings,2007,883(1):181-184.
- [6] 邓铁桥.任务分析法在物理主题活动课教学中的应用——以改进平行板电容器演示实验为例[J].物理教师,2018,39(8):21-23.DENG T Q.Application of task analysis in physics theme activity-taking the demonstrative experiment of improving parallel plate capacitor as an example[J].Physics Teacher,2018,39(8):21-23.(in Chinese)
- [7] ATKINSON R K,DERRY S J,RENKL A,et al.Learning from examples:Instructional principles from the worked examples research[J].Review of Educational Research,2000,70(2):181-214.
- [8] HELLER J I,REIF F.Prescribing effective human problem-solving processes:Problem description in physics[J].Cognition & Instruction,1984,1(2):177-216.
- [9] 埃里克·马祖尔.马祖尔物理学:原理篇(下)[M].张萍,王原,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2017.
- [10] 张萍,DING Lin,张静.传统大学物理教学的困境及成因分析[J].物理与工程,2019,29(1):25-30.ZHANG P,DING L,ZHANG J.Impasse of conventional physics education and its underlying mechanisms[J].Physics and Engineering,2019,29(1):25-30.(in Chinese)
- [11] 赵星植.皮尔斯与传播符号学[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2017.
- [12] 范德维尔瑞内.利维·维果斯基[M].郭冰,译.哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,2017.
- [13] NOVAK J D.Concept mapping:A useful tool for science education[J].Journal of Research in Science Teaching,1990,27(10):937-949.
- [14] DISESSA A A.Metarepresentation:Native competence and targets for instruction[J].Cognition and Instruction,2004,22(3):293-331.
- [15] 张文硕.大学物理课程论证教学的效果研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2018.